9.2 Fair value hierarchy
On the basis of the input data for fair value measurement, the individual assets and liabilities for which fair value has been presented have been classified to the following levels:
- level I – assets and liabilities measured based on quoted prices (unadjusted) from active markets for identical assets and liabilities. This level includes:
- liquid quoted debt securities;
- shares and investment certificates quoted on exchanges;
- derivatives quoted on exchanges;
- liabilities on borrowed securities quoted on exchanges (short sale).
- level II – assets and liabilities whose measurement is based on input data other than quoted prices included within level I, which can be observed on the market, either directly (as prices) or indirectly (derived from prices). This level includes:
- quoted debt securities carried on the basis of the valuations published by an authorized information service;
- derivatives – among others FX Swap, FX Forward, IRS, CIRS, FRA;
- participation units in mutual fund;
- investment properties or properties held for sale measured using the comparative method, for which there is a sufficient number of similar property transactions in the market under analysis, including free land free land for development and certain smaller and less valuable buildings (such as residential units, garages, etc.);
- liabilities to members of consolidated mutual funds;
- investment contracts for the client’s account and risk.
- level III – assets measured based on input data unobserved on the existing markets (unobservable input data). This level includes:
- unquoted debt securities and non-liquid quoted debt securities (including non-treasury debt securities issued by other financial entities, local government and non-financial entities), measured using models based on discounted cash flows;
- investment properties or properties held for sale measured using the income method, the residual method or the comparative method (if there is an insufficient number of transactions on similar properties);
- loan receivables from clients and liabilities to clients under deposits;
- options embedded in certificates of deposit issued by PZU Group companies and options concluded in the interbank market to hedge embedded option positions.
In a situation in which the measurement of an asset or liability is based on input data classified in different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the measured asset is assigned to the lowest level from which the input data are taken, provided that they have a significant impact on the overall measurement.
The value of the measurement of components of assets or liabilities qualified in level III is affected to significant extent by unobservable input data.
| Measured assets | Unobservable data | Description | Impact on measurement |
| Loan receivables from clients | Liquidity margin and current margin from the sale of the product group | Fair values are estimated using valuation techniques, with an assumption that when the loan is granted, the fair value is equal to the carrying amount. The fair value of loans without recognized impairment is equal to the sum of future expected cash flows discounted at the balance sheet date less expected credit loss. The cash flow discounting rate is the appropriate risk- free market rate plus the liquidity margin and current sales margin for the loan’s product group. The margin is determined by product group and by maturity. For the purpose of estimating the fair value of foreign currency loans, the liquidity margin for PLN loans is used, adjusted by quotations of FX swap and basis-swap transactions. The fair value of loans with recognized impairment is equal to the sum of future expected salvage discounted using the effective interest rate, since the average expected recoveries fully reflect the credit risk component. For loans that do not have a repayment schedule (current account loans, overdrafts and credit cards), the fair value is assumed to be equal to the carrying amount. | Negative correlation |
| Liabilities to clients under deposits | Sales margin | Fair values are estimated using valuation techniques, with an assumption that when the deposit is accepted, the fair value is equal to the carrying amount. The fair value of term deposits is equal to the sum of future expected cash flows discounted at the balance sheet date. The cash flow discounting rate is the appropriate risk-free market rate plus the current sales margin. The margin is determined on the basis of deposits accepted in the last quarter, by product group and by maturity. For short-term deposits (current deposits, overnight deposits and savings accounts), the carrying amount is taken as fair value. | Negative correlation |
| Options embedded in certificates of deposit issued by PZU Group companies and options concluded in the interbank market to hedge embedded option positions | Model parameters | Embedded instruments are plain vanilla options and exotic options for individual shares, indices, commodities and other market indicators, including interest rate indices and exchange rates and their baskets. All separated options are offset on an ongoing basis on the interbank market. Currency options are measured based on the Garman-Kohlhagen option pricing model (and in the case of barrier and Asian options based on the so- called extended Garman-Kohlhagen model). Exotic options embedded in deposit agreements and their offsets are measured using the Monte-Carlo technique, assuming a geometric Brownian motion model for risk factors. | |
| Non-liquid bonds and loans | Credit spreads | Spreads are observed on all bonds (their series) or loans of the same issuer or a similar issuer. These spreads are observed on the dates of issue of new bond series, dates of conclusion of new loan agreements and dates of market transactions on the receivables following from such bonds and loans. | Negative correlation |
| Investment property and property designated for sale |
Capitalization rate | Capitalization rate is determined through analysis of rates of return obtained in transactions for similar properties. | Negative correlation |
| Construction costs | Construction costs are determined based on market construction costs less costs incurred as at the date of measurement. | Positive correlation | |
| Monthly rental rate per 1 m2 of relevant space or per parking space | Rental rates are observed for similar properties of similar quality, in similar locations and with a similar size of leased space. | Positive correlation | |
| Derivatives | Model parameters | Currency options are measured based on the Garman-Kohlhagen option pricing model (and in the case of barrier and Asian options based on the so- called extended Garman-Kohlhagen model). Exotic options embedded in deposit agreements and their offsets are measured using the Monte-Carlo technique, assuming a geometric Brownian motion model for risk factors. | |
| Own issues and subordinated loans | Issue spread above the market curve | If the historical spread of issues above the market curve is used, these issues are classified at level III of the fair value hierarchy. | Negative correlation |
| Equity instruments not quoted on an active market | Quotations of financial services, current value of future forecasted profit or loss of the company or measurement models based on available market data. |
9.2.1. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value
| Assets and liabilities measured at fair value | 31 December 2021 | 31 December 2020 | ||||||
| Level I | Level II | Level III | Total | Level I | Level II | Level III | Total | |
| Assets | ||||||||
| Investment financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income | 22 733 | 17 002 | 6 072 | 45 807 | 27 673 | 24 797 | 11 778 | 64 248 |
| Equity instruments | 297 | - | 471 | 768 | 257 | 1 | 347 | 605 |
| Debt securities | 22 436 | 17 002 | 5 601 | 45 039 | 27 416 | 24 796 | 11 431 | 63 643 |
| Investment financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss | 2 625 | 6 142 | 446 | 9 213 | 3 616 | 5 709 | 485 | 9 810 |
| Equity instruments | 615 | 57 | 259 | 931 | 575 | 1 | 370 | 946 |
| Participation units and investment certificates | 164 | 5 631 | 21 | 5 816 | 134 | 5 143 | 21 | 5 298 |
| Debt securities | 1 846 | 454 | 166 | 2 466 | 2 907 | 565 | 94 | 3 566 |
| Loan receivables from clients | - | - | 406 | 406 | - | - | 1 662 | 1 662 |
| Measured at fair value through other comprehensive income | - | - | 246 | 246 | - | - | 1 475 | 1 475 |
| Measured at fair value through profit or loss | - | - | 160 | 160 | - | - | 187 | 187 |
| Financial derivatives | 1 | 8 273 | 54 | 8 328 | - | 6 246 | 93 | 6 339 |
| Investment property | - | 166 | 2 607 | 2 773 | - | 186 | 2 307 | 2 493 |
| Liabilities | ||||||||
| Derivatives | - | 11 860 | 20 | 11 880 | - | 6 221 | 60 | 6 281 |
| Liabilities to members of consolidated mutual funds | - | 380 | - | 380 | - | 265 | - | 265 |
| Investment contracts for the client’s account and risk (unit-linked) | - | 267 | - | 267 | - | 268 | - | 268 |
| Liabilities on borrowed securities (short sale) | 686 | - | - | 686 | 851 | - | - | 851 |
| Movement in assets and liabilities classified as level III of the fair value hierarchy in the year ended 31 December 2021 | Investment financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income | Investment financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss | Derivatives – assets | Derivatives – liabilities | Loan receivables from clients measured at fair value | Investment property | ||||
| Equity | Debt | Equity | Investment certificates | Debt | through other comprehensive income | through profit or loss | ||||
| Beginning of the period | 347 | 11 431 | 370 | 21 | 94 | 93 | 60 | 1 475 | 187 | 2 307 |
| Purchase/opening of the position/granting | - | 3 376 | - | - | 5 938 | 2 | 2 | 53 | 1 | 310 |
| Reclassification from Level I 1) | 7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Reclassification from Level II 1) | - | 788 | - | - | 36 | - | - | - | - | 142 |
| Reclassifications from assets held for sale to investment property | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 157 | |
| Profit or loss recognized in the profit and loss account: | - | 68 | 604 | -2 | -17 | 19 | 10 | 44 | -4 | 160 |
| – interest income calculated using the effective interest rate | - | 113 | - | - | 2 | 7 | - | 44 | -4 | - |
| – result on derecognition of financial instruments and investments | - | 2 | 586 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| – net movement in fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value | - | -47 | 18 | -2 | -20 | 12 | 10 | - | - | 160 |
| Profits or losses recognized in other comprehensive income | 39 | -161 | - | - | - | - | - | -24 | - | - |
| Sales/settlements/repayments/conversions | - | -9 034 | -720 | - | -5 880 | -64 | -52 | -1 302 | -24 | - |
| Reclassification to assets held for sale | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -469 |
| Reclassification to Level II | - | -874 | - | - | -5 | - | -4 | - | - | - |
| Change in the composition of the Group | 85 | - | - | - | - | 4 | 4 | - | - | - |
| Foreign exchange differences | - | - | 5 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| End of the period | 471 | 5 601 | 259 | 21 | 166 | 54 | 20 | 246 | 160 | 2 607 |
1 Information on the restatements is presented in item 9.3.
| Movement in assets and liabilities classified as level III of the fair value hierarchy in the year ended 31 December 2021 | Investment financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income | Investment financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss | Derivatives – assets | Derivatives – liabilities | Loan receivables from clients measured at fair value | Investment property | ||||
| Equity | Debt | Equity | Investment certificates | Debt | through other comprehensive income | through profit or loss | ||||
| Beginning of the period | 246 | 6 815 | 226 | 19 | 41 | 118 | 68 | 1 381 | 243 | 1 828 |
| Purchase/opening of the position/granting | 24 | 16 974 | 28 | 2 | 4 070 | 6 | 6 | 99 | - | 198 |
| Reclassification from Level II 1) | - | 43 | 4 | - | 30 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Reclassifications from assets held for sale to investment property | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 296 |
| Profit or loss recognized in the profit and loss account: | - | 181 | 113 | - | 1 | 25 | 19 | 30 | - | 229 |
| – interest income calculated using the effective interest rate | - | 172 | - | - | - | - | - | 30 | - | - |
| – result on derecognition of financial instruments and investments | - | 9 | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| – net movement in fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value | - | - | 113 | - | -1 | 25 | 19 | - | - | 229 |
| Profits or losses recognized in other comprehensive income | 77 | 13 | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | - | - |
| Sales/settlements/repayments/conversions | - | -12 536 | - | - | -4 048 | -56 | -33 | -50 | -56 | -1 |
| Reclassification to assets held for sale | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -257 |
| Reclassification to Level II | - | -59 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Amendments to lease contracts | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14 |
| Foreign exchange differences | - | - | -1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| End of the period | 347 | 11 431 | 370 | 21 | 94 | 93 | 60 | 1 475 | 187 | 2 307 |
1 Information on the restatements is presented in item 9.3.
9.2.1.1. Change in the fair value measurement methodology for financial instruments measured at fair value
Both in 2021 and in 2020, no changes were made in the fair value measurement method for financial instruments measured at fair value that would be of material significance for the consolidated financial statements.
9.2.1.2. Investment property classified as Level III fair value
The table below presents the key parameters used in measuring the largest investment properties (including those presented as held for sale).
All real properties classified as level III fair value were measured by the income approach using the investment method and the straight capitalization technique or using a mixed approach. This valuation uses non-observable inputs such as:
- capitalization rate – determined through analysis of rates of return obtained in transactions for similar properties;
- monthly rental rate per 1 m2 of relevant space or per parking space.
| Properties classified as level III | Type of space | 31 December 2021 | 31 December 2020 | ||||
| Carrying amount | Rental fees included in the measurement | Capitalization rates included in the measurement | Carrying amount | Rental fees included in the measurement | Capitalization rates included in the measurement | ||
| Investment property | |||||||
| office | Office | 962 | 12.50 – 14.50 EUR | 6.00% - 7.25% | 740 | 12.00 – 14.50 EUR | 6.25% - 7.25% |
| Parking lot | 40.00 – 75.00 EUR | 40.00 – 70.00 EUR | |||||
| warehouse | Office | 1 421 | 8.50 – 9.00 EUR | 5.00% - 6.50% | 1 507 | 9.00 EUR | 5.75% - 7.00% |
| Warehouse | 3.30 – 3.50 EUR | 3.20 – 3.50 EUR | |||||
| commercial | Commercial | 159 | depending on size of leased space | 7.75% - 10.00% | - | - | - |
| other | 65 | 60 | |||||
| Total | 2 607 | 2 307 | |||||
| Investment property held for sale | |||||||
| commercial | Commercial | - | - | - | 162 | depending on size of leased space | 7.75% - 10.00% |
| warehouse | Office | 557 | 8.50 – 9.00 EUR | 5.50% - 6.50% | 273 | 9.00 EUR | 5.75% - 6.75% |
| Warehouse | 3.30 – 3.50 EUR | 3.50 EUR | |||||
| other | 41 | 67 | |||||
| Total | 598 | 502 | |||||
| Properties classified as level III | Fair value | Estimate variable | Assumed fluctuation of the estimate variable | Impact on measurement |
| Investment property | 2 607 | Capitalization rate | + 0.25 p.p. | -112 |
| - 0.25 p.p. | 123 | |||
| Monthly rent rate | + 5% | 107 | ||
| -5% | -107 | |||
| Investment property held for sale | 598 | Capitalization rate | + 0.25 p.p. | -26 |
| - 0.25 p.p. | 28 | |||
| Monthly rent rate | + 5% | 26 | ||
| -5% | -26 |
9.2.2. Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value
| Fair value of assets and liabilities for which it is only disclosed | 31 December 2021 | 31 December 2020 | ||||||||
| Level I | Level II | Level III | Total fair value |
Carrying amount | Level I | Level II | Level III | Total fair value |
Carrying amount | |
| Assets | ||||||||||
| Loan receivables from clients measured at amortized cost | - | - | 214 781 | 214 781 | 214 602 | - | - | 193 609 | 193 609 | 195 637 |
| Investment financial assets measured at amortized cost | 39 455 | 8 663 | 32 383 | 80 501 | 83 270 | 42 591 | 7 450 | 22 845 | 72 886 | 66 864 |
| Debt securities | 39 455 | 6 436 | 25 489 | 71 380 | 74 183 | 42 591 | 6 168 | 15 045 | 63 804 | 57 871 |
| Buy-sell-back transactions | - | 1 590 | 2 527 | 4 117 | 4 117 | - | 1 000 | 3 657 | 4 657 | 4 657 |
| Term deposits with credit institutions | - | 637 | 754 | 1 391 | 1 384 | - | 282 | 670 | 952 | 952 |
| Loans | - | - | 3 613 | 3 613 | 3 586 | - | - | 3 473 | 3 473 | 3 384 |
| Liabilities | ||||||||||
| Liabilities to banks | - | 2 726 | 4 762 | 7 488 | 7 470 | - | 2 504 | 7 140 | 9 644 | 9 751 |
| Liabilities to clients under deposits | - | - | 264 818 | 264 818 | 265 155 | - | - | 241 171 | 241 171 | 241 975 |
| Liabilities on the issue of own debt securities 1) | - | 5 418 | 539 | 5 957 | 5 940 | - | 6 423 | 1 130 | 7 553 | 7 532 |
| Subordinated liabilities 1) | - | 2 748 | 3 520 | 6 268 | 6 274 | - | 2 761 | 4 038 | 6 799 | 6 679 |
| Liabilities on account of repurchase transactions | - | 846 | 359 | 1 205 | 1 207 | - | 744 | 410 | 1 154 | 1 154 |
1 The liabilities classified to level II are those whose measurement was not affected by unobservable parameters. They are primarily liabilities on account of bonds issued by Pekao.